Ethnotaxonomy of sharks from tropical waters of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Accessing folk knowledge from small-scale fishers is an affordable and reliable approach to understand the dynamic and diversity of shark species worldwide, especially of those eventually caught. In this context, ethnotaxonomy (folk identification and classification) may represent an alternative to support sharks fisheries management, especially in data-poor places. This study aimed to investigate fishing and ethnotaxonomy of the main shark species caught by small-scale fisheries from the coastal waters of the Brazilian Northeast. METHODS: Semi-structured and structured interviews were conducted with fishers targeting general aspects of fishing activities and specific topics regarding ethnotaxonomy, capture, and commercialization of sharks. For species identification, an ethnobiological systematic perspective was used to analyze the folk nomenclature and classification criteria. Non-parametric statistical tests were used to verify associations between species caught, fishing gear, and harvest period. RESULTS: Fishers mentioned 73 binomial names, 21 main folk species, and eight synonymies. Some species belonging to the same scientific genus are often named and grouped by the same folk name, with no distinction between species by fishers. Sharks are most landed as bycatch and correspond to less than 5% of the total commercial fisheries in the communities, with socioeconomic value for subsistence consumption and local commercialization. Sharks were said to be mainly caught with hand line and surface long line during the rainy season, while gillnet captures were associated to the dry season. At least three of the species most mentioned by fishers are currently classified as vulnerable and endangered worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Even though landed sharks account for a small proportion of the fishing catches, their biological and life history features place sharks among the most vulnerable organisms globally. Such an ethnobiological approach towards shark identification may contribute to generate basic information on species caught, their frequency in the landings, and how different species belonging to the same genus can be landed and sold together. This type of information can generate subsidies to the development of conservation and management plans for these fishing resources, where knowledge is scarce.

The use of Local Ecological Knowledge as a complementary approach to understand the temporal and spatial patterns of fishery resources distribution.

BACKGROUND: Acquiring fast and accurate information on ecological patterns of fishery resources is a basic first step for their management. However, some countries may lack the technical and/or the financial means to undergo traditional scientific samplings to get such information; therefore affordable and reliable alternatives need to be sought. METHODS: We compared two different approaches to identify occurrence patterns and catch for three main fish species caught with bottom-set gillnets used by artisanal fishers from northeast Brazil: (1) scientific on-board record data of small-scale fleet (n = 72 trips), and (2) interviews with small-scale fishers on Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) (n = 32 interviews). We correlated (Pearson correlations) the months cited by fishers (LEK) as belonging to the rainy or to the dry season with observed periods of higher and lower precipitation (SK). The presence of the three main fish species at different depths was compared between LEK and SK by Spearman correlations. Spearman correlations were also used to compare the depths of greatest abundance (with the highest Capture per Unit Effort - CPUE) of these species; the CPUEs were descendly ordered. RESULTS: Both methods provided similar and complementary bathymetric patterns of species occurrence and catch. The largest catches occured in deeper areas, which also happened to be less intensively fished. The preference for fishing in shallower and less productive areas was mostly due to environmental factors, such as weaker currents and less drifting algae at such depths. CONCLUSION: Both on-board and interview methods were accurate and brought complementary information, even though fishers provided faster data when compared to scientific on-board observations. When time and funding are not limited, integrative approaches such as the one presented here are likely the best option to obtain information, otherwise fishers' LEK could be a better choice for when a compromise between speed, reliability and cost needs to be reached.

Fisheries productivity and its effects on the consumption of animal protein and food sharing of fishers' and non-fishers' families.

This study compared the consumption of animal protein and food sharing among fishers' and non-fishers' families of the northeastern Brazilian coast. The diet of these families was registered through the 24-hour-recall method during 10 consecutive days in January (good fishing season) and June (bad fishing season) 2012. Fish consumption was not different between the fishers' and non-fishers' families, but varied according to fisheries productivity to both groups. Likewise, food sharing was not different between the two groups, but food was shared more often when fisheries were productive. Local availability of fish, more than a direct dependency on fisheries, determines local patterns of animal protein consumption, but a direct dependency on fisheries exposes families to a lower-quality diet in less-productive seasons. As such, fisheries could shape and affect the livelihoods of coastal villages, including fishers' and non-fishers' families.

A qualidade sócioambiental em assentamentos rurais do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / The socio-environmental quality of rural settlements in Rio Grande do Norte State, northeastern Brazil

O processo de Reforma Agrária é oferecido como uma possível estratégia para redução da pobreza e aumento da equidade social, mas depende de políticas públicas eficientes, tornando os agricultores beneficiados auto-sustentáveis. Objetivando apresentar as principais problemáticas socioambientais de 33 assentamentos rurais do Rio Grande do Norte (nordeste brasileiro), foram avaliados aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais de 631 famílias desses assentamentos e de 16 relatórios PRAD (Plano de Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas) do período de 2007 a 2010. Observou-se que a emancipação de um assentamento, medida através da geração de renda, grau de escolaridade e mudanças de hábitos ambientais, não está ligada ao seu tempo de fundação, e que a sua renda pouco depende da agricultura, sendo afetada principalmente pela proximidade de centros urbanos, pelo número de aposentados na família e pela participação em programas sociais. Os dados ambientais apontam o baixo nível de escolaridade e a maior idade dos assentamentos como fatores determinantes para o aumento da degradação das Reservas Legais e Áreas de Proteção Permanentes. Esses dados sugerem que o processo de Reforma Agrária ainda é deficiente na região nordeste, não priorizando a independência social dos assentamentos e ignorando a sua temática ambiental.

The Brazilian land reform is a possible strategy to reduce poverty and increase social equality, but it depends on efficient public policies capable of making the peasants self-sustainable. With the goal of presenting the main socio-economic challenges of 33 rural settlements of former landless peasants in Rio Grande do Norte State (Northeastern Brazil), we evaluated socio, economic and environmental aspects of 631 families from these settlements and 16 "Restoration Plan for Degraded Areas" (PRAD), prepared between 2007 and 2010. The emancipation of a settlement, measured through income generation, schooling level, and changes in people's environmental habits, was not related to the age of the settlement. Also, the income of a settlement is hardly dependent on agriculture, being mostly affected by distance from urban centers, number of retired people in the household and participation in social programs. Low schooling level and aging of the settlement are determinant factors in the increase of deforestation of Legal Reserves and Areas of Permanent Protection. These data suggest than land reform is still deficient in the Brazilian northeast; it does not prioritize the socio-economic independence of the settlements and ignore their environmental situation.

Fishing effort and catch composition of urban market and rural villages in Brazilian Amazon.

The management of small-scale freshwater fisheries in Amazon has been based usually on surveys of urban markets, while fisheries of rural villages have gone unnoticed. We compared the fishing characteristics (catch, effort and selectivity) between an urban market and five small villages in the Lower Tocantins River (Brazilian Amazon), downstream from a large reservoir. We recorded 86 and 601 fish landings in the urban market and villages, respectively, using the same methodology. The urban fishers showed higher catch per unit of effort, higher amount of ice (related to a higher fishing effort, as ice is used to store fish catches) and larger crew size per fishing trip, but village fishers had a higher estimated annual fish production. Conversely, urban and village fishers used similar fishing gear (gillnets) and the main fish species caught were the same. However, village fishers showed more diverse strategies regarding gear, habitats and fish caught. Therefore, although it underestimated the total amount of fish caught in the Lower Tocantins River region, the data from the urban market could be a reliable indicator of main fish species exploited and fishing gear used by village fishers. Monitoring and management should consider the differences and similarities between urban and rural fisheries, in Amazon and in other tropical regions.

Artisanal commercial fisheries at the southern coast of são paulo state, brazil: Ecological, social and economic structures / Pesquerías artesanales comerciales en la costa sur del estado de sao paulo, brasil: Estructura ecológica, social y económica / Pescarias artesanais comerciais na costa sul do estado de são paulo, brasil: Estrutura ecológica, social e econômica

Fishery problems and their management alternatives go beyond the simple scope of fish stock analysis, encompassing the socio-economic and behavioral characteristics of fishermen. A case study is presented in which a fish-oriented community on the São Paulo coast, SE Brazil, is being displaced by southern shrimp trawlers. The two local fishing systems, gillnet and shrimp trawl fisheries, are described, focusing on their current socio-economic characteristics. Local fishermen (n= 51) have a high average monthly income compared to other Brazilian fishermen (USD442 ±265), explained by the fact that they usually have secondary jobs. The fisheries are not as diverse now as tropical fisheries were formerly, as they target only 17 species (Shannon H’= 2.31), two of which are shrimp species. Families are the main units of production for trawlers, but gillnetters work on their own. Shrimp-processing plants dominate the local economy. Trawlers (49%), who were originally from the southern region of Brazil, explain their northward migration as being a consequence of an earlier shrimp failure in their place of origin. Management measures are necessary in order to prevent negative environmental and social consequences brought about by another shrimp failure.

Los problemas de las pesquerías y las alternativas de manejo rebasan el análisis simple de la disponibilidad de especies, abarcando las características socioeconómicas y las conductas de los pescadores. Se presenta un estudio de caso donde una comunidad orientada a la pesca de peces de la costa de SaoPaulo, SE de Brasil, está siendo desplazada por la pesca de arrastre de camarones. Se describen los dos sistemas de pesca, red y arrastre, enfocando sus características socioeconómicas actuales. Los pescadores locales (n=51) tienen un alto ingreso promedio en comparación a otros pescadores brasileros (USD 442 ±265), explicado por el hecho usual de tener trabajos secundarios. Las pesquerías no son tan diversas como lo fueron las pesquerías tropicales, ya que solo buscan 17 especies (H’ de Shannon= 2,31), dos de las cuales son especies de camarones. Las familias son las unidades de producción principales para los arrastradores, mientras que los pescadores de red trabajan por su cuenta. Las plantas de procesamiento de camarones dominan la economía local. Los pescadores de red (49%), quienes provienen originalmente del sur de Brasil, explican su migración al norte como consecuencia de la falta de camarones en sus lugares de origen. Para evitar las consecuencias negativas tanto ambientales como sociales de una nueva falta de recursos camaroneros, se requiere tomar medidas para el manejo de las pesquerías.

Os problemas das pescarias e as alternativas de manejo ultrapassam a análise simples da disponibilidade de espécies, abrangendo as características socioeconômicas e as condutas dos pescadores. Apresenta-se um estudo de caso onde uma comunidade orientada à pesca de peixes da costa de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil, está sendo deslocada pela pesca de arrasto de camarões. Descrevem-se os dois sistemas de pesca, rede e arrasto, focando suas características socioeconômicas atuais. Os pescadores locais (n=51) têm um alto ingresso médio em comparação a outros pescadores brasileiros (USD 442 ±265), explicado pelo fato usual de ter trabalhos secundários. As pescarias não são tão diversas como foram as pescarias tropicais, já que somente buscam 17 espécies (H’ de Shannon= 2,31), duas das quais são espécies de camarões. As familias são as unidades de produção principais para os arrastadores, enquanto que os pescadores de rede trabalham por sua conta. As plantas de processamento de camarões dominam a economia local. Os pescadores de rede (49%), que vem originalmente do sul do Brasil, explicam sua migração ao norte como consequência da falta de camarões em seus lugares de origem. Para evitar as consequências negativas tanto ambientais como sociais de uma nova falta de recursos camaroeiros, se requer tomar medidas para o manejo das pescarias.

Temporal changes in caiçara artisanal fishing and alternatives for management: a case study on the southeastern Brazilian coast / Mudanças temporais na pesca artesanal caiçara e alternativas para manejo: um estudo de casa na costa sudeste do Brasil

This paper describes a case study of the changes in fishing that occurred in a Brazilian coastal community after a 10 year interval (1992-2002). There was a decrease in the mean amount of fish caught daily (from 14 kg to 11.32 kg) and annually (from 4.2 t to 3.4 t) and in the richness of species caught (from 21 to 17 species); there was also a low similarity in the species composition of the fish landings (Morisita-Horn index Ch = 0.24). These changes suggested a decline in the locally exploited fish populations, which probably caused the discontinuation of commercial artisanal fishing. However, the diversity of fish caught by hook and line and purse-seine fishing was higher in the second period, whereas there was no significant difference in the diversity of fish caught using gillnets. Despite these changes, the CPUE showed no significant alteration and non-intensive fishing is still practiced by a few (6-35) people in the community. Co-management alternatives (fishing regulations, oysterfarms, ecotourism, etc.) are suggested and may be applicable to other coastal communities after appropriate adaptation for each location.

O uso de recursos por comunidades humanas tem influência direta na conservação da biodiversidade, na medida em que a forma como ele é executada pode implicar em conservação ou sobre-uso dos recursos. Este artigo descreve um estudo de caso sobre as mudanças ocorridas na pesca em uma comunidade da costa brasileira ao longo de 10 anos (1992-2002). Houve um decréscimo das quantidades médias capturadas diariamente (de 14 kg para 11.32 kg) e anualmente (de 4.2 t para 3.4 t) e também na riqueza de espécies (de 21 para 17 espécies). Além disso, a similaridade da composição de espécies presentes nos desembarques pesqueiros entre os dois períodos foi baixa. (Índice de Morisita-Horn Ch = 0.24). Estas mudanças sugerem um declínio das populações de peixes exploradas localmente, o que provavelmente causou o fim da pesca artesanal comercial. No entanto, a diversidade de espécies capturadas com caniço e com o cerco com redes foi maior no segundo período, enquanto não houve diferença significativa na diversidade de peixes capturada com redes de espera. Apesar destas mudanças, não houve alteração significativa na CPUE e a pesca não intensiva é ainda praticada por alguns membros da comunidade (6-35). Algumas medidas de co-manejo, baseadas no que já é de certa forma realizado pela comunidade (controle da pesca, cultivo de ostras, ecoturismo, etc.), são propostas e podem ser aplicadas a outras comunidades costeiras após serem apropriadamente adaptadas às características locais, objetivando a manutenção do uso continuado dos recursos, mas de forma racional.